I. Purpose and requirements
Human Anatomyis the science which deals with the gross morphology and spatial interrelations of the structures of the body, and is an important course of preclinical and clinical curriculum. The purpose of this course is to make students to master the shape, position and interrelation of the organs of the human body, and to lay a firm morphological foundation for the following basic and clinical courses. Through studying the human anatomy, the students not only master the basic theoretical knowledge and technical ability of human anatomy but also possess higher capacity of independently observing, thinking, analyzing and resolving problems.
The field of human anatomy has become very large, and a number of subdivisions have been recognized and named. Human anatomy is generally classified intoGross Anatomy,Microscopic Anatomy,Developmental Anatomy(includingEmbryology),Radiographic AnatomyandClinical Applied Anatomy.Gross Anatomyis also divided intoSystematic Anatomy, the study of different systems of the body andRegional Anatomy, the study of specific regions of the body. This program is only concerned with systematic anatomy.
II. Teaching plan
1. The total teaching hours is about 120 hours, there into lecture 32 hours and experiments 88 hours.
2. Textbook is a textbook of human anatomy edited by Fang Xiubin professor and Hu Haitao professor. The other books of the field can be made use of reference books.
3. Teaching activities include lectures and experiments. In the lecture classes, teachers introduce theoretical knowledge of the each system of the body to the students. In the experiment classes, students master the morphological knowledge of each organ of the body and exercise the practical capacity by mean of the video shows, models and samples.
4. Students will have two examinations, that are a sample quiz in the midterm and theoretical examination in the end of term.
III. The studying contents of the introduction
Grasp:
The anatomical position, relational axes, planes and terms direction.
Comprehend:
The general structures of the human body.
PartIThe Locomotor System
Comprehend:
The constituents (bones, joints and muscles) and basic functions (supporting, motion and protection) of the locomotor system.
Chapter 1 Osteology
Section 1 The General Description
Grasp:
The general features and structures of the bones.
Comprehend:
The chemical composition and physical properties, blood and nerve supply, development and functions of the bones.
Section 2 The Bones of Trunk
Grasp:
1. The constituents and functions of bones of trunk.
2. The general features and functions of vertebrae.
3. The main characteristics of vertebrae in each region.
4. The general features, parts and functions of ribs.
5. The shape and parts of sternum.
6. The bony landmarks: the spinous process of seventh cervical vertebra; sacral horn and sacral hiatus; jugular notch and sternal angle; etc.
Comprehend:
The variation of vertebrae; shape of the lst rib.
Section 3 The Bones of Limbs
Grasp:
1. The constituents, parts, arrangements and functions of bones of the limbs.
2. The position and shape of the scapula, humerus, radius and ulna.
3. The position and shape of the hip bone, femur, tibia and fibula.
4. Main bony landmarks.
Comprehend:the names and arrangements of the carpal bones and tarsal bones.
Section 4 The Skull
Grasp:
1. The name, position and parts of the each bone in the skull.
2. The boundaries and main structures of three cranial fossae in internal aspect of the base of the skull.
3. The shape and passages of the orbits.
4. The shape of bony nasal cavity.
5. The positions and openings of the paranasal sinuses.
6. Bony landmarks.
Comprehend:
1. The divisions and functions of the skull.
2. The basic structures of the external aspect of the base of skull.
3. The anterior, lateral, and superior aspects of skull.
4. The position and connections of the infratemporal fossa and ptergyopalatine fossa.
Chapter 2 Arthrology
Grasp:
1. The essential and accessory structures of synovial joints.
2. The types and movements of joints.
3. The connections of the vertebral column, the vertebral column as a whole and its movements.
4. The constituents, features, movements and functions of the thorax.
5. The constitutions and movements of the temporomandibular, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee and ankle joints.
6. The constitutions and divisions of the pelvis.
Comprehend:
1. The basic structures and functions of the fibrous, cartilaginous joints and synostoses.
2. The sexual differences of pelvis.
3. The constitutions and functions of the arches of foot.
Chapter 3 Myology
Grasp:
1. The classification, shape and actions of the muscles in the human body.
2. The classification, shape and formation of the skeletal muscle.
3. The location, attachments and actions of the trapezius, latissimus dorsi and erector spinae muscle.
4. The groups of the muscles of the neck and their action, attachments and actions of the sternocleidomastiod.
5. The attachments and actions of the pectoralis major and the intrinsic muscles.
6. The location, shape, structure and function of the diaphragm.
7. The groups and names of abdominal muscles and their actions; the constitution of the sheath of rectus abdominis; the location, constitution and contents of the inguinal canal.
8. The names, location and actions of the muscles of mastication.
9. The groups and names of the muscles of upper limb; the attachments and actions of the deltoid, biceps and triceps.
10. The groups and names of the muscles of lower limb; the attachments and actions of the iliopsoas, gluteus maximus, quadriceps, femoris, gastrocnemius and soleus.
Comprehend:
1. The origin, insertion, action and distribution of the skeletal muscle.
2. The structure and action of the synovial tendon sheath.
PartIIThe Splanchnology
Chapter 4 The General Description
Grasp:The reference lines and abdominal regions.
Comprehend:The concept and general structure of the viscera.
Chapter 5 The Alimentary System
Grasp:
1. The constituent and function of the digestive system.
2. The shape and constitution of the teeth; the shape, structure and mucous characteristic of the tongue; the position and boundaries of the isthmus of fauces; the locations of 3 salivary glands and their duct openings.
3. The location, parts and connections of the pharynx, location of the pharyngeal tonsil.
4. The segments and constriction of the esophagus.
5. The location, shape and divisions of the stomach, the structure of the gastric wall.
6. The parts and mucous shape of the duodenum.
7. The location, shape and structural characteristic of the jejunum and ileum.
8. The parts of the large intestine; the features of the caecum and colon.
9. The shape and location of the vermiform appendix; the surface projection of the root vermiform appendix.
10. The location, shape, and constitution of the rectum.
11. Location and shape of the liver; the location, shape and function of the gallbladder, the surface projection of the fundus of gallbladder; The composition of the biliary ducts.
12. The shape and location of the pancreas.
Comprehend:
1. The parts and boundaries of the oral cavity.
2. The constituents, position and functions of the tonsil ring of pharynx.
3. The surface projection of the liver.
Chapter 6 The Respiratory System
Grasp:
1. The constituents and functions of the respiratory system, the features of the respiratory tract.
2. The parts, shape and structures of the nasal cavity.
3. The location of the larynx; the shape and parts of the laryngeal cavity.
4. The location and structure of the trachea and the carina of trachea.
5. The differences between the right and left principal bronchi.
6. The position and external features of the lungs.
7. The structure and parts of the pleura, the definition and characteristic of the pleural cavity; the parts and locations of the parietal pleura and the pleural recesses.
8. The position, parts and contents of the mediastinum.
Comprehend:
1. The location and shape of the laryngeal cartilages and their joints.
2. The concept of the segments of lungs.
3. The surface projections of the lungs and pleura.
Chapter 7 The Urinary System
Grasp:
1. The constituents and functions of the urinary system.
2. The shapes, structures and positions of the kidneys.
3. The parts and constrictions of the ureter.
4. The shape and position of the urinary bladder; the position and characteristics of the trigone of the bladder.
5. The features and openings of the female urethra.
Comprehend:
1. The coverings of the kidney and their functions.
2. The relationship between the urinary bladder and peritoneum.
Chapter 8 The Reproductive System
Section 1 The Male Reproductive Organs
Grasp:
1. The composition and functions of the male genital system.
2. The features and position of tests and epididymis.
3. The specific characteristic features, portions and course of the ductus deferens.
4. The features, location and interrelation of the prostate; the location and formation of the spermatic cord.
5. The portions and structures of the penis.
6. The divisions, constrictions, dilations, curvatures and openings of the male urethra.
Comprehend:
1. The structure of testes and epididymis.
2. The formation, course and opening of the ejaculatory duct.
3. The location of seminal vesicles.
4. The lobes and aging changes of the prostate.
5. The location and openings of the bulbourethral glands.
Section 2 The Female Reproductive Organs
Grasp:
1. The composition and functions of the female genital system.
2. The location and features of the ovaries.
3. The locations and divisions of the uterine tubes.
4. The features, location and supporting factors of the uterus.
5. The location of the vagina and the divisions and relations of the fornix of vagina.
6. The location and orifices of vaginal vestibule.
7. The location, features and structure of the female’s mamma.
Comprehend:
1. Aging changes of the ovaries.
2. The structure of the uterus wall and the aging change of the uterus.
3. The structure of vulva.
Section 3 The Perineum
Grasp:
1. The concept and divisions of the perineum.
2. The composition, formation and passing structures of the pelvic and the urogenital diaphragms.
Comprehend:
1. The bounderies of the perineum.
2. The locations of the ischiorectal fossae.
Chapter 9 The Peritoneum
Grasp:
1. The concept of the peritoneum and peritoneal cavity.
2. The functions of peritoneum, the locations and formations of the greater and lesser omentum.
3. The location of omental bursa and omental foramen.
4. The location of the rectovesical pouch and rectoutrine pouch.
Comprehend:
1. The conceptions of the intraperitoneal, interperitoneal and retroperitoneal viscera.
PartIIIAngiology
Grasp:
The divisions of the angiology.
Comprehend:
The functions of the divisions of the angiology.
Chapter 10 The Cardiovascular System
Section 1 The General Description
Grasp:
1. The formation of the cardiovascular system.
2. The organizations of the systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation.
Comprehend:
1. The features of the artery, vein and capillary.
2. The concepts of the anastomoses and the collateral circulation.
Section 2 The Heart
Grasp:
1. The location, the external features and the structures of the chambers of the heart.
2. The formation, location and functions of the conduction system of the heart.
3. The origin, passing courses and main branches as well as distribution of the right and left coronary arteries.
4. The location and opening of the coronary sinus.
5. The structures of the pericardium as well as the transverse and oblique sinus of the pericardium.
Comprehend:
The structure of the wall of the heart; the passing courses of the great, middle and small cardiac veins.
Section 3 The Arteries
Grasp:
1. The course of the pulmonary trunk as well as its branches.
2. The location of the arterial ligament.
3. The origin, course and divisions of the aorta. The location and branches of aortic arch.
4. The beginning and course of the left and right common carotid arteries.
5. The locations and functions of the carotid sinus and carotid body.
6. The main branches as well as distribution of the external carotid artery.
7. The beginning, course and branches of the subclavian artery.
8. The course and branches of the axillary, brachial, radial and ulnar arteries.
9. The branches of the thoracic aorta.
10. The course and distribution of the posterior intercostal arteries.
11. The branches of the abdominal aorta.
12. The branches and distribution of the celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries.
13. The course of the common and external iliac arteries.
14. The branches and distribution of the internal iliac artery.
Comprehend:
1. The distributing regulations of the arteries in human body.
2. The location, formation and branches of the superficial and deep palmar arches.
3. The characteristics of the intestinal artery.
4. The branches and distribution of the deep femoral artery.
Section 4 The Veins
Grasp:
1. The characteristics of the structure and arrangment of the veins.
2. The composition and collecting area of the superior vena cava.
3. The composition and course of the brachiocephalic veins.
4. The course and the tributaries of the internal jugular veins.
5. The connections between the veins inside and outside the cranial cavity.
6. The superficial veins as well as their course in the neck, upper and lower limbs.
7. The course and tributaries of the inferior vena cava; formation, course and tributaries of the hepatic portal vein as well as the anastomoses between the hepatic portal venous system and vena cava system.
Comprehend:
1. The courses of the left and right pulmonary veins.
2. The locations of the azygos, hemiazygons and accessory hemiazygous veins. The anatomoses between the superficial and deep veins of the lower limbs.
Chapter 11 The Lymphatic System
Grasp:
1. The composition and arrangement of the lymphatic system.
2. The Beginning, course, draining and collecting areas of the thoracic duct.
3. The location and collecting areas of the submandibular, deep cervical, axillary, celiac, superficial and deep inguinal lymph nodes.
4. The formation and collecting areas of the jugular trunks, subclavian trunks, bronchomediastinal trunks, lumbar trunks and the intestinal trunk.
5. The features and location of the spleen.
Comprehend:
The lymphatic drainage of the mammary gland, lungs, esophagus, stomach, liver, rectum and uterus, etc. The features, location and functions of the thymus.
PartIVThe Sensory Organs
Comprehend:
The conception of the receptor and the sensory organ. The classification of the receptor.
Chapter 12 The Visual Organ
Grasp:
1. The structure of the wall of eyeball, as well as their functions.
2. The contents of the eyeball.
3. The circulation of the aqueous humor.
4. The parts of the conjunctiva, the conjunctival sac.
5. The components of the lacrimal apparatus, and their shape, position and openings.
6. The extraocular muscles and their functions.
Comprehend:
1. The structure of the eyelids.
2. The blood supply of the eye.
Chapter 13 The Vestibulocochlear Organ
Grasp:
1. The parts of the vestibulocochlear organ and their respective functions.
2. The parts and curvatures of the external acoustic meatus, the characteristics of the children’s external acoustic meatus.
3. The walls of the tympanic cavity. the communication of the tympanic cavity with the adjacent structures.
4. The shaps, position and parts of the tympanic membrane.
5. The parts, openings and functions of the auditory tube, the characteristics of the children’s auditory tube.
6. The parts o the bony labyrinth.
7. The parts and functions of the membranous labyrinth.
Comprehend:
1. The components of the external ear.
2. The names, articulations and functions of the auditory ossicles.
3. The functions of the tensor tympani and the stapedius.
4. The pathways of the conduction of sound.
PartVThe Nervous System
Chapter 14 General Description
Grasp:
1. The organization of the nervous system.
2. The classification of neurons.
3. The conception of the gray matter, white matter, cortex, medullary substance, nerve, tract, ganglion and nucleus.
4. The elements of the reflex arc.
Comprehend:
1. The structure of neurons.
2. The classification and structure of the synapses.
3. The functions of the neuroglia.
Chapter 15 The Central Nervous System
Section 1 The Spinal Card
Grasp:
1. The position, external features and segments of the spinal cord.
2. The relation of segments of the spinal cord to the vertebra.
3. The arrangement, division and specific names of the gray and white matters.
4. The main nuclei of the gray matter.
5. The main tracts of the white matter.
Comprehend:
1. The location of the central canal of spinal cord.
2. The alpha and gamma neurons, and Renshaw’s cell.
3. The functions of the spinal cord.
Section 2 The Brain
Grasp:
1. The position and parts of the brain.
2. The components and external features of the brain stem.
3. The position and communication of the fourth ventricle.
4. The boundaries and external features of the rhomboid fossa.
5. The internal features of the brain stem.
6. The positions, names and function of the nuclei of the cranial nerves in the brain stem.
7. The positions of the main tracts of the brain stem.
8. The positions of the gracile nucleus, the cuneate nucleus, the red nucleus, the substantia nigra, the decussation of pyramids and the deucssation of medial lemniscus.
9. The location, external features and peduncles of the cerebellum.
10. The position and clinical significance of the tonsil of cerebellum.
11. The position, parts and external features of the diencephalons.
12. The position and communication of the third ventricle.
13. The corresponding tracts and functions of the ventral posterolateral nucleus, the ventral posteromedial nucleus, the medial and lateral geniculate nuclei.
14. The positions and functions of the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus.
15. The lobes, main sulci and gyri of the telencephalon.
16. The position and communication of the lateral ventricle.
17. The components and positions of the basal ganglia.
18. The components, parts and functions of the corpus striatum.
19. The location, parts and main projection fibers of the internal capsule.
20. The position and functional localization of the motor area, somesthetic area, visual area and acoustic area in the cerebral cortex.
21. The positions of the language areas.
Comprehend:
1. The position and function of the reticular formation of brain stem.
2. The central nuclei of the cerebellum and their corresponding tracts.
3. The function of the cerebellum.
4. The components and functions of the limbic lobe and limbic system.
Section 3 The Nervous Pathways
Grasp:
1. The superficial and deep sensory pathways of trunk and limbs.
2. The superficial sensory pathway of head and face.
3. The visual pathway and pupillary reflexes.
4. The pyramidal system.
Comprehend:
1. The unconscious deep sensory pathway of trunk and limbs.
2. The acoustic pathway.
3. The components and main functions of the extrapyramidal system.
Section 4 The Meninges and Blood Vessels
of Brain and Spinal Cord, and The Cerebrospinal Fluid
Grasp:
1. The meninges of the spinal cord.
2. The epidural space, the subarachnoid space and the terminal cistern.
3. The meninges of the brain.
4. The cerebellomedullary cistern and the arachnoid granulations.
5. The characteristics of the cerebral drua mater.
6. The structures formed by the cerebral dura mater.
7. The sinuses of the dura mater and the position, contents and communication of the cavernous sinus.
8. The pathways and the main branches of the internal carotid artery, the vertebral artery and the basilar artery.
9. The distributions of anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries.
10. The components and functional significance of the cerebral arterial circle.
11. The production and circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid.
Comprehend:
1. The position and function of the denticulate ligament.
2. The veins of the brain.
3. The origins and distributions of the arteries of the spinal cord.
4. The conception of the blood brain barrier.
Chapter 16 The Peripheral Nervous System
Comprehend:The conception, composition and classification of the peripheral nervous system.
Section 1 The Spinal Nerves
Grasp:
1. The formation and parts of the spinal nerve.
2. The location of connecting spinal cord and types of fibers of an anterior root and a posterior root of the spinal nerve.
3. The position, shape and character of the spinal ganglion.
4. The types of fibers of the spinal nerve.
5. The character and distribution of the anterior, posterior, meningeal, communicating branches of the spinal nerve.
6. The formation and the names of the branches of the cervical plexus. The course and distribution of the lesser occipital nerve, great auricular nerve, transverse nerve of neck, supraclavicular nerves and the phrenic nerve.
7. The formation and the names of the branches of the brachial plexus. The course and distribution of the musculocutaneous nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve, radial nerve and the axillary nerve.
8. The formation and the names of the branches of the numbar plexus. The course and distribution of the femoral nerve and the obturator nerve.
9. The formation and the names of the branches of the sacral plexus. The course and distribution of the sciatic nerve, the tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve as well as branches, the superficial peroneal and deep peroneal nerves.
Comprehend:
1. The course and distribution of the long thoracic nerve, thoracodorsal nerve, lateral and medial pectoral nerves.
2. The course and the segmental distribution of the intercostal nerves and subcostal nerve.
3. The course and distribution of the iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and genitofemoral nerve.
4. The course and distribution of the superior gluteal nerve, inferior gluteal nerve, pudendal nerve and the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve.
Section 2 The Cranial Nerves
Grasp:
1. The names and the location of connecting brain of the cranial nerve.
2. The types of fibers and the classification of the cranial nerve.
3. The types of the fiber, course and the branches as well as distribution of the optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve and the abducent nerve.
4. The types of the fiber, course and the branches as well as distribution of the trigeminal nerve, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve and the vagus nerve.
5. The types of the fiber, course and the branches as well as distribution of the accessory nerve and hypoglossal nerve.
Comprehend:
The types of the fiber, course and the distribution of the olfactory nerve and the vestibulocochlear nerve.
Section 3 The Visceral Nervous System
Grasp:
1. The definition and classification of the visceral nervous system.
2. The name and situation of the lower nervous centers of the sympathetic nerve. The composition of the peripheral part of the sympathetic nerve.
3. The classification and situation of the sympathetic ganglia. The formation, position and parts of the sympathetic trunks.
4. The definition, origin, course and termination of the white and grey communicating branches.
5. The general distributions of the sympathetic nerve. The definition, origin, course and termination of the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves.
6. The name and situation of the lower nervous centers of the parasympathetic nerve. The composition of the peripheral part of the parasympathetic nerve.
7. The classification, situation and connecting fibers of the parasympathetic ganglia.
8. The main differences in the structures and functions between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
Comprehend:
1. The differences in the structures and functions between the visceral nervous system and the somatic motor system.
2. The formations, situations and connections of the main visceral nerve plexuses (the cardiac plexus, pulmonary plexus, celiac plexus, abdominal aortic plexus, hypogastric plexus).
3. The origin, course and termination of the visceral afferent nerve.
4. The differences in the structures and functions between the visceral sensory nerve and the somatic sensory nerve.
5. The conception and the possible mechanism of the referred pain of the viscera.
PartVIThe Endocrine System
Chapter 17 The General Description
Comprehend:
1. The formation of the endocrine system.
2. The structure’s characters of the endocrine glands.
Chapter 18 The Endocrine Organs
Grasp:
1. The features and location of the thyroid gland, parathyroid gland and suprarenal gland.
2. The location, features and division of the hypophysis.
3. The location, features and aging change of the pineal body.
Comprehend:
The main functions of the hormones secreted by the main endocrine glands.
